Toshiba Computer Keyboard KB 80 User Manual

EXTERNAL KEYBOARD  
FOR BAR CODE PRINTER  
Model:  
KB-80  
BASIC SPECIFICATION  
First Edition:  
February 4, 1999  
Second Edition: July 16, 1999  
TOSHIBA TEC CORPORATION  
 
Page  
LEN...................................................................................................................... 42  
LINE INPUT#........................................................................................................ 43  
LOC...................................................................................................................... 44  
LOCATE............................................................................................................... 45  
LOF...................................................................................................................... 46  
LSET/RSET.......................................................................................................... 47  
MID$..................................................................................................................... 48  
MKI$/MKS$ .......................................................................................................... 49  
ON COM .............................................................................................................. 50  
ON ERROR.......................................................................................................... 51  
ON GOTO/GOSUB............................................................................................... 52  
ON TIMER............................................................................................................ 53  
OPEN................................................................................................................... 54  
OPEN COM.......................................................................................................... 55  
PRINT .................................................................................................................. 56  
PRINT# ................................................................................................................ 57  
PUT...................................................................................................................... 59  
READ ................................................................................................................... 60  
REM/APOSTROPHE (’)........................................................................................ 61  
RESUME.............................................................................................................. 62  
RETURN .............................................................................................................. 63  
RIGHT$................................................................................................................ 64  
SGN ..................................................................................................................... 65  
SPACE$............................................................................................................... 66  
STR$.................................................................................................................... 67  
TIMER.................................................................................................................. 68  
TIMER ON/STOP ................................................................................................. 69  
VAL ...................................................................................................................... 70  
WHILE ~ WEND................................................................................................... 71  
WRITE# ............................................................................................................... 72  
KEY ENTRY CODE LIST...................................................................................... 73  
RESTORE............................................................................................................ 74  
SENDCMD ........................................................................................................... 75  
ERROR CODE TABLE......................................................................................... 76  
ii  
 
CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES  
CONSTANTS  
Character constants:  
A string which is 255 digits or less including alphanumeric, Kana, symbol, and Kanji, enclosed in  
double quotation marks (”). If a double quotation mark (”) is used in the character string, the CHR$  
function should be used.  
Numeric constants:  
Integer type: Decimal format  
:
-32768 to +32767  
Hexadecimal format : &H0000 to &HFFFF  
Real type:  
Single-precision fixed-point format  
(Entry digits: 7, Effective digits: 6)  
Single-precision floating-point format (Entry digits: 7, Effective digits: 6)  
VARIABLES  
A variable name should be a max. of 10 characters, including alphanumerics and periods, and must start  
with a letter. The max. number of variables is 256.  
Integer type:  
A “%” should be attached to the end of the variable name.  
Single-precision real type: A “!” should be attached to the end of the variable name.  
The assignment value is in the same range as a numeric constant.  
Character type: A ‘$’ should be attached to the end of the variable name.  
The assignment value is in the same range as a character constant.  
The max. 16 dimensions and 32767 subscripts for an array variable are allowable. However, a  
subscript starts from 0, and the practical number of elements is the number of subscripts + 1. 32  
bytes are used per one array. An array exceeding 32 bytes cannot be used.  
- 1 -  
 
OPERATORS  
Arithmetic operators:  
Operator  
Operation  
^
Exponential operation  
-
Sign  
*, /  
¥
Multiplication, Real division  
Integer division (The quotient is output.)  
Integer division (The remainder is output.)  
Addition, Subtraction  
MOD  
+, -  
The operations enclosed in parentheses are processed first.  
Relational operators: Compares between two values. The result is true or false.  
Operator  
Operation  
=
Equal to  
<>, ><  
<
Not equal to  
Less than  
>
Greater than  
<=, =<  
>=, =>  
Less than or equal to  
Greater than or equal to  
Logic operators:  
Checks more conditions, performs bit handling.  
Operator  
Operation  
NOT  
AND  
OR  
Negation  
Logic product  
Logic OR  
XOR  
Exclusive-OR  
- 2 -  
 
LISTS OF COMMANDS, STATEMENTS, AND FUNCTIONS  
Declarations and definitions  
Statement  
CLEAR  
Format CLEAR  
Function Initializes a variable.  
DIM  
Format DIM <variable name> ( <subscript> [, <subscript> ] ···)  
[, <variable name> ( <subscript> [, <subscript> ] ···) ] ···  
Function Specifies the max. number of array elements, and allocates the memory  
area in the memory.  
ERASE  
Format ERASE <array name> [, <array name> ] ···  
Function Erases the specified array from the program.  
Format REM [ <comment> ]  
REM  
’ (Apostrophe)  
STOP  
Function Enters a comment into the program.  
Format STOP  
Function Terminates the execution of the program, and returns to the command  
level state.  
END  
Format END  
Function Terminates the execution of the program, closes all opened files, and  
returns to the command level state.  
General instructions  
Statement  
DATA  
Format DATA <constant> [, <constant> ] ···  
Function Sets a numeric value or a character constant read by the READ  
statement.  
READ  
Format READ <constant> [, <constant> ] ···  
Function Reads a value defined by a DATA statement and assigns it to a variable.  
Format RESTORE  
RESTORE  
Function Starts reading from the first one of the DATA statements to be read by  
the READ statement.  
GOTO  
Format GOTO <line number>  
Function Moves the execution to the specified line without any conditions.  
Format GOSUB <line number>  
GOSUB  
Function Calls the subroutine program.  
ON GOTO  
/GOSUB  
Format ON <expression> GOTO <line number> [, <line number> ] ···  
ON <expression> GOSUB <line number> [, <line number> ] ···  
Function Branches the execution to the specified line number according to the  
value for <expression>.  
RETURN  
Format RETURN  
Function Declares the end of a subroutine, and returns the execution to the  
location where the subroutine was called up.  
- 3 -  
 
IF ~ THEN ~  
ELSE  
Format IF <expression> THEN <statement>  
<line number>  
[ELSE <statement>  
<line number>  
]
]
IF <expression> GOTO <line number> [ELSE <statement>  
<line number>  
Function Judges the condition, and changes the flow of the program.  
FOR ~ NEXT  
Format  
FOR <variable> = <initial value> TO <terminal value> [STEP <increment> ]  
NEXT [ <variable> [, <variable> ] ···]  
Function Executes the statements included from the FOR statement to the NEXT  
statement repeatedly while the given conditions are satisfied.  
WHILE  
Format WHILE <expression>  
WEND  
~ WEND  
Function Repeats the statements included between the WHILE statement and the  
WEND statement for as long as the given conditions are satisfied.  
CHAIN  
Format CHAIN <file designation> [, ALL]  
Function Executes another program.  
COMMON  
Format COMMON <variable name> [, <variable name> ] ···  
Function Declares the variable is to be passed from the original program to the  
program called by the CHAIN statement.  
Numeric process  
Statement  
ABS  
Format ABS ( <numeric expression> )  
Function Provides the absolute value.  
Format INT ( <numeric expression> )  
INT  
Function Provides the max. integer value not exceeding the specified <numeric  
expression>.  
CINT  
CSNG  
SGN  
Format CINT ( <numeric expression> )  
Function Provides the integer value to which the real value is converted.  
Format CSNG ( <numeric expression> )  
Function Provides the value which is converted to the single-precision real value.  
Format SGN ( <numeric expression> )  
Function Provides a sign for <numeric expression>.  
- 4 -  
 
Character string process  
Statement  
ASC  
Format ASC ( <character string> )  
Function Provides the character code (ASCII) for the first character of the  
character string.  
CHR$  
RIGHT$  
LEFT$  
MID$  
Format CHR$ ( <numeric expression> [, <numeric expression> ] ···)  
Function Converts the character code (ASCII and internal sequential code) to a  
character.  
Format RIGHT$ ( <character string>, <numeric expression> )  
Function Provides a character string of the length specified on the right side of the  
character string.  
Format LEFT$ ( <character string>, <numeric expression> )  
Function Provides a character string of the length specified on the left side of the  
character string.  
Format MID$ ( <character string>, <numeric expression 1>  
[, <numeric expression 2> ] )  
Function Provides the specified character in a given character string.  
Format LSET <character variable> = <character expression>  
RSET <character variable> = <character expression>  
Function Transfers data to the buffer for the random file.  
(In preparation for the PUT statement)  
LSET  
RSET  
HEX$  
Format HEX$ ( <numeric expression> )  
Function Converts a decimal number to a hexadecimal number, and then provides  
the character string.  
STR$  
VAL  
Format STR$ ( <numeric expression> )  
Function Provides the character string indicating <numeric expression>.  
Format VAL ( <character string> )  
Function Converts a character string to a numeric value.  
Format SPACE$ ( <numeric expression> )  
SPACE$  
LEN  
Function Provides character strings of spaces in the specified length.  
Format LEN ( <character string> )  
Function Provides the length of the character string (the number of bytes).  
Kanji is counted as 2 bytes.  
INSTR  
Format INSTR ( [ <numeric expression> , ] <character string 1>,  
<character string 2> )  
Function Searches for the specified characters from the character string, and  
provides its first character position of the characters.  
MKI$  
Format MKI$ ( <integer value> )  
MKS$  
MKS$ ( <single-precision real value> )  
Function Converts a numeric value to the numeric data of the character string  
type.  
CVI  
Format CVI ( <2-byte character string> )  
CVS ( <4-byte character string> )  
CVS  
Function Provides a value for the numeric value data which is converted to the  
numeric data.  
- 5 -  
 
Error process  
Statement  
ON ERROR  
Format ON ERROR GOTO <line number>  
Function Declares that the interrupt for the error process is enabled, and declares  
the line number of the subroutine to be executed when an error occurs.  
RESUME  
ERL/ERR  
Format RESUME  
[0]  
NEXT  
<line number>  
Function Terminates an error process, and resumes execution of the program.  
Format ERR/ERL  
Function Provides the line number in which an error occurs (ERL) and the error  
code (ERR).  
Display input/output  
Statement  
CLS  
Format CLS  
Function Clears the screen.  
PRINT  
Format PRINT [ <expression list> ] [;]  
? [ <expression list> ] [;]  
Function Displays the character string and contents of the variable on the screen.  
Format LOCATE [ <line> ] [, [ <column> ] [, < <switch> ] ] ]  
Function Specifies the position of the cursor on the screen.  
LOCATE  
Sound output  
Statement  
BEEP  
Format BEEP  
Function Sounds the internal buzzer.  
Keyboard entry  
Statement  
INPUT  
Format INPUT [;] [” <prompt statement> ” ; ] <variable> [, <variable> ] ···  
Function Reads a numeric value or a character from the keyboard, and assigns it  
to a variable.  
Reads the whole line input from the keyboard (max. 255 characters), and  
assigns it to a variable.  
INKEY$  
INPUT$  
Format INKEY$  
Function Provides the leading character if any key is pressed on the keyboard, or  
provides a null string if no key is pressed on the keyboard.  
Format INPUT$ ( <no. of characters> [, [#] <file number> ] )  
Function Reads the character string with the specified length from the keyboard or  
the file.  
- 6 -  
 
Communication input/output  
Statement  
OPEN COM  
Format OPEN ”COM <line number> : [communication condition] ” AS # <file  
number>  
Function Opens the communication file.  
Format ON COM ( <line number> ) GOSUB <line number>  
ON COM (n)  
Function Declares an interrupt which occurs when the data is input into the  
communication buffer, and declares the start line number for the  
subroutine to be executed.  
COM (n)  
Format COM ( <line number> ) ON/STOP  
Function Enables/Stops an interrupt from the communication file.  
Format SENDCMD <expression list>  
SENDCMD (n)  
Function Creates a command packet for the printer, and sends it to COM1.  
Clock input/output  
Statement  
ON TIMER  
Format ON TIMER ( <n> ) GOSUB <line number>  
Function Declares an interrupt which occurs at specified intervals, and the line  
number from which the execution of the subroutine is started by the  
interrupt.  
TIMER ON  
TIMER  
Format TIMER ON/STOP  
Function Enables/Stops a timer interrupt.  
Format TIMER  
Function Returns the elapsed time after the system is reset in a single-precision  
floating point format.  
- 7 -  
 
File input/output  
Statement  
OPEN  
Format OPEN <file designation> [FOR <file mode> ] AS [#] <file number>  
[LEN= <record length> ]  
Function Opens a file.  
CLOSE  
Format CLOSE [ [#] <file number> [, [#] <file number> ] ···]  
Function Closes a file.  
INPUT#  
Format INPUT# <file number>, <variable> [, <variable> ] ···  
Function Reads data from the sequential file, and assigns it to a variable.  
Format LINE INPUT# <file number>, <character variable>  
LINE INPUT#  
Function Reads one whole line (record) (max. 255 characters) from the sequential  
file.  
INPUT$  
PRINT#  
Format INPUT$ ( <no. of characters> [, [#] <file number> ] )  
Function Reads the character string with the specified length from the keyboard or  
the file.  
Format PRINT# <file number>, [USING <format control character string> ; ],  
<expression list>  
Function Outputs data (numeric value or character string) to the sequential file.  
Format WRITE# <file number>, <expression list>  
WRITE#  
FIELD#  
Function Outputs data to a sequential file.  
Format FIELD [#] <file number>, <field width> AS <character variable> ]  
[,<field width> AS <character variable> ] ···  
Function Allocates the variable area to the random file buffer. (Record definition)  
Format GET [#] <file number> [, <numeric value> ]  
Function Inputs the data in a file into the buffer.  
Format PUT [#] <file number> ) [, <numeric value> ]  
Function Outputs the data to the file.  
GET#  
PUT#  
EOF  
Format EOF ( <file number> )  
Function Checks the end of the sequential file, or whether or not the  
communication buffer becomes empty.  
LOC  
LOF  
Format LOC ( <file number> )  
Function Provides the current theoretical location in the file.  
Format LOF ( <file number> )  
Function Provides the size of the file.  
- 8 -  
 
ABS  
Function  
Provides the absolute value.  
ABS ( <numeric expression> )  
Format  
Explanation  
The absolute value for <numeric expression> (0 or a positive value) is provided as a  
function value.  
- 9 -  
 
ASC  
Function  
Provides the character code (ASCII) for the first character of the character string.  
ASC ( <character string> )  
Format  
Explanation  
The character code for the first character (left side) of <character string> is provided.  
If <character string> is a null string, an error occurs.  
- 10 -  
 
BEEP  
Function  
Sounds the internal buzzer.  
BEEP  
Format  
Explanation  
The internal buzzer is sounded for 100 ms.  
- 11 -  
 
CHAIN  
Function  
Loads another program, and executes it.  
CHAIN <file designation> [, ALL]  
Format  
Term  
<file designation>: The program file to be executed should be specified.  
(The file name should be included.)  
Explanation  
The program designated in <file designation> is executed.  
CHAIN  
CHAIN  
Program 1  
Program 2  
Program 3  
If the ALL option is designated, all variables are passed. If it is necessary to pass  
variables when the ALL option is omitted, the COMMON statement should be used.  
CHAIN ”PROG2”, ALL  
The CHAIN statement holds any file which has already been opened as is.  
- 12 -  
 
CHR$  
Function  
Converts the character code (ASCII and internal sequence code) to a character.  
CHR$ ( <numeric expression> [, <numeric expression> ] ···)  
Format  
Term  
<numeric expression>: The numeric expression within the range between 0 and 255  
(&H0 to &HFF) indicating ASCII code  
Explanation  
The CHR$ function regards a value for <numeric expression> as ASCII code, and  
converts it to a character. The CHR$ is the opposite of the ASC function.  
- 13 -  
 
CINT  
Function  
Provides the integer value to which a real value is converted.  
CINT ( <numeric expression> )  
Format  
Explanation  
The value for <numeric expression> is rounded off to the nearest whole number,  
making it into an integer.  
- 14 -  
 
CLEAR  
Function  
Initializes a variable.  
CLEAR  
Format  
Explanation  
The memory used for storing data is freed without deleting any programs in the  
memory. After the CLEAR statement is executed, all numeric variables and  
character variables become 0 and null strings (“”), respectively. The array declaration  
becomes invalid. All files are closed.  
The CLEAR statement executes the following processes.  
1. All files are closed.  
2. All COMMON statements and user variables are initialized.  
3. The stack area and character area are initialized.  
The ERASE statement is similar to the CLEAR statement. For the CLEAR statement,  
all variables are initialized, however, for the ERASE statement, only the specified  
array variable is initialized.  
- 15 -  
 
CLOSE  
Function  
Close a file.  
Format  
Term  
CLOSE [ [#] <file number> [, [#] <file number> ] ···]  
<file number>: The number assigned to the file or the device by the OPEN  
statement  
Explanation  
The file corresponding to <file number> is closed. One or more <file number>s can  
be specified once in the CLOSE statement. If <file number> is omitted, all opened  
files are closed.  
Once a file has been closed, its number can be used for opening another file. The  
closed file can be opened by specifying the same file number as the previous one or  
a different file number.  
For a file that has been opened for an output, the data remaining in the buffer is  
output by the CLOSE statement.  
The END statement closes all opened files automatically.  
- 16 -  
 
CLS  
Function  
Format  
Clears the screen.  
CLS  
- 17 -  
 
COMMON  
Function  
Declares the variable is to be passed from the original program to a program called  
by the CHAIN statement.  
Format  
Term  
COMMON <variable name> [, <variable name> ] ···  
<variable name>: The variable name to be passed should be specified.  
Explanation  
The COMMON statement is used together with the CHAIN statement, and declares  
that a variable is to be passed from the original program to a called program.  
The same variable name cannot be used more than once in the COMMON statement.  
When the array variable is passed, two parentheses “( )” should be inserted after the  
variable name to indicate it is an array.  
When all the variables are to be passed, not the COMMON statement but the ALL  
option in the CHAIN statement should be used.  
A COMMON statement should be placed before the CHAIN statement.  
When an array is to be passed to a called program, the array declaration should not  
be performed by the DIM statement. However, it is necessary to previously perform  
the array declaration by the DIM statement in the program to be called.  
- 18 -  
 
COM ON/STOP  
Function  
Enables/Stops an interrupt from the RS-232C communication file.  
Format  
COM ( <line number> ) ON  
COM ( <line number> ) STOP  
Term  
<line number>: The RS-232C interface number (1 or 2)  
Explanation  
The interrupt which occurs when the communication flows to the RS-232C from an  
external source is enabled by the COM ( <line number> ) ON statement, or stopped  
by the COM ( <line number> ) STOP statement.  
When the COM ( <line number> ) ON statement is used, an interrupt should be  
enabled previously by the ON COM statement. Then, an interrupt occurs every time  
data is input through the RS-232C interface, and the process specified by the ON  
COM statement is performed.  
When the COM ( <line number> ) STOP statement is executed, an interrupt does not  
occur if data is input, however, the fact that data has been input is stored. After that,  
when the interrupt is enabled by the COM ( <line number> ) ON statement, the  
interrupt occurs immediately, and then the process is performed.  
The COM ( <line number> ) STOP statement is used to prevent the process from  
being suspended by the occurrence of an interrupt.  
When a communication interrupt is detected according to <line number> n, the  
interrupt routine executes the COM ( <line number> ) STOP statement automatically,  
and disables the interrupt which is being processed. The execution is automatically  
returned from the interrupt routine to the previous setting state.  
- 19 -  
 
CSNG  
Function  
Provides a value which is converted to a single-precision real value.  
CSNG ( <numeric expression> )  
Format  
Explanation  
The value for <numeric expression> is converted to a 7-digit single-precision real  
value.  
- 20 -  
 
CVI/CVS  
Function  
Provides a value for numeric value data which is converted to the numeric data.  
Format  
CVI ( <2-byte character string> )  
CVS ( <4-byte character string> )  
Explanation  
All numeric values in the random file on the disk are converted to the character string  
type. This function returns the numeric data converted to the character string type to  
a numeric value.  
CVI converts the first 2 bytes (2 characters) to an integer. CVS converts the first 4  
bytes (4 characters) to a single-precision real value.  
- 21 -  
 
DATA  
Function  
Sets a numeric value or a character constant read by the READ statement.  
DATA <constant> [, <constant> ] ···  
Format  
Term  
<constant>: A numeric constant or character constant  
Explanation  
The DATA statement is a non-executing statement, and should be placed before a  
READ statement. The data which can be included in one line (max. 255 characters)  
can be written in one DATA statement. There is no limit to the number of DATA  
statements that can be used in one program.  
The contents written in the DATA statement are interpreted as the data list to be  
input. The data to be input is read by the READ statement in the ascending order of  
the line number.  
A numeric constant or character constant can be written in <constant>. Any of the  
integer fixed-point, floating-point, octal notation, and hexadecimal notation can be  
used for a numeric constant. Double quotation marks (”) enclosing a character  
constant in the DATA statement can be omitted. However, they cannot be omitted  
when a comma (,), colon (:), or semicolon (;) are included in the character string, and  
when a space is entered in the beginning or end of the character string.  
Note that the variable type should match the data type when the data in the DATA  
statement is read by the READ statement. If there are any data types which do not  
match, a “Syntax error” occurs.  
Comments can not be attached to the line of the DATA statement.  
- 22 -  
 
DIM  
Function  
Format  
Term  
Specifies the max. number of array elements, and allocates the memory area in the  
memory.  
DIM <variable name> ( <subscript> ) ] ···) [, <variable name> ( <subscript> [,  
<subscript> ] ···) ] ···  
<variable name>: Array variable name  
(It should be named according to the usual variable naming  
conventions.)  
<subscript>:  
A numeric value or numeric expression indicating the max. value  
for the subscript of the array  
Explanation  
A specified area in which the array variable is stored is reserved, and the variable is  
initialized at the same time. 0 is assigned to all numeric array variables as an initial  
value by executing the DIM statement. Null strings are assigned to a character array  
variable. Therefore, the length of the character string is 0.  
The max. of 16 dimensions and 32767 elements is available for an array, however,  
they are limited according to the memory capacity. In actuality, the maximum will not  
be used, since the number of characters which can be included in one line is also  
limited. The min. value for subscript is 0.  
If an array variable is used without an array declaration by the DIM statement, the  
value for subscript is automatically set to 10. In this case, a value higher than 11  
cannot be set. If the value for subscript exceeds the specified max. value, an error  
occurs.  
The array variable declared by the DIM statement can be deleted by the ERASE  
statement, and the used memory area is cleared and ready to be used again.  
- 23 -  
 
END  
Function  
Terminates the execution of the program, closes all opened files, and returns to the  
command level state.  
Format  
END  
Explanation  
The END statement can be placed in any position in which the program is to be  
terminated. One or more END statements can also exist in the program. The END  
statement placed at the end of the program can be omitted.  
- 24 -  
 
EOF  
Function  
Checks the end of the sequential file, or whether or not the communication buffer  
becomes empty.  
Format  
Term  
EOF ( <file number> )  
<file number>: The number assigned to the file by the OPEN statement  
Explanation  
The EOF function returns -1 (true) when the specified file reaches EOF (End of File).  
If the specified file does not reach EOF, the EOF function returns 0 (false).  
A sequential file and RS-232C communication file are available.  
When the EOF function results in -1 in the RS-232C communication file, it means the  
buffer is empty.  
- 25 -  
 
ERASE  
Function  
Erases the specified array from the program.  
ERASE <array name> [, <array name> ] ···  
<array name>: Array name to be erased  
Format  
Term  
Explanation  
When there is not enough memory area while executing the program, arrays which  
become unnecessary should be erased by using the ERASE statement. The areas of  
erased arrays can be used for other arrays.  
The ERASE statement can also be used for reinitializing the array which has been  
used in the program for another object.  
If the array declaration for the same array name is performed by the DIM statement  
before the ERASE statement is used, a “Duplicate definition” error occurs.  
If there is not a specified array name, an “Illegal function call” error occurs.  
The ERASE statement erases the specified array only, however, the CLEAR  
statement initializes all variables.  
- 26 -  
 
ERR/ERL  
Function  
Format  
Provides the line number in which an error occurs (ERL) and the error code (ERR).  
ERR  
ERL  
Explanation  
The system variables, ERR and ERL, are used in the IF ~ THEN statement, and used  
for branching to error processes. (For details, refer to “ON ERROR”.)  
Immediately after BASIC is started up, ERL is 0. A numeric value for the variable  
cannot be assigned to ERR and ERL.  
- 27 -  
 
FIELD  
Function  
Allocates the variable area to the random file buffer. (Record definition)  
Format  
Term  
FIELD [#] <file number>, <field width> AS <character variable> [, <field width> AS  
<character variable> ] ···  
<file number>: The number assigned to the file by the OPEN statement  
<field width>: The number of characters to be assigned to character variables  
<character variable>: The variable name to be used for the input/output of the  
random file  
Explanation  
The FIELD statement specifies the contents of the random file buffer to which  
read/write is performed by the PUT statement and the GET statement. Therefore, the  
FIELD statement should be executed before the PUT statement and the GET  
statement are executed.  
Ex.)  
FIELD #1,20 AS TEL$,30 AS NAM$  
The above means the first 20 characters (20 bytes) from the furthest left in the  
random file buffer #1 (No. 1) are assigned to the character variable, TEL$, and the  
next 30 characters are assigned to NAM$. These are called “fields”.  
File buffer  
TEL$  
NAM$  
20 bytes  
30 bytes  
The buffer in the random file can be efficiently allocated to more character variables  
by the FIELD statement.  
The FIELD statement does not actually transfer data to the random file buffer. Data  
transmission to the buffer is performed by the LSET statement and RSET statement.  
The total number of bytes to be allocated by the FIELD statement is not allowed to  
exceed the record length specified in the OPEN statement. The number of bytes set  
in the FIELD statement is the record length.  
The FIELD statement defines the buffer from the first character for every execution.  
Therefore, one or more areas can be defined for the same data.  
- 28 -  
 
FOR ~ NEXT  
Function  
Executes the statements included from the FOR statement to the NEXT statement  
repeatedly while the given conditions are satisfied.  
Format  
Term  
FOR <variable> = <initial value> TO <terminal value> [STEP <increment> ]  
NEXT [ <variable> [, <variable> ] ···]  
<initial value>: A numeric value to be set at the beginning of the repetition  
An integer or a single-precision real number  
<variable>:  
A variable used as the counter which counts the number of  
executions  
An integer or a single-precision real number  
<increment>: Both positive and negative are available.  
<terminal value>: A value for which the repetition is terminated  
An integer or a single-precision real number  
Explanation  
An input or assignment to <variable> cannot be performed in the loop, since  
<variable> is used as the loop counter. However, <variable> can be used as a value  
having the current loop value.  
<initial value> is set to <variable> first. When the execution reaches to the NEXT  
statement, <increment> specified in STEP is added to/subtracted from the counter  
value (<variable>). If STEP is not specified, <increment> is set to +1. A negative  
number can also be specified in <increment>. Then, whether or not the counter value  
exceeds <terminal value> is checked. If it does not exceed it, the execution is  
returned to the next statement of the FOR statement. If it exceeds it, the execution  
proceeds to the next statement of the NEXT statement.  
For the FOR ~ NEXT statement, the evaluation is made before the execution. In the  
following cases, the FOR ~ NEXT statement is not executed once, and the execution  
proceeds to the next statement of the NEXT statement.  
1) <increment> is positive, and <initial value> is larger than <terminal value>.  
Ex.) FOR I=10 to 5 STEP2  
2) <increment> is negative, and <initial value> is smaller than <terminal value>.  
Ex.) FOR I=1 to 7 STEP-3  
When <increment> is 0, the loop is performed endlessly, unless <variable> larger  
than <terminal value> is set in the loop.  
- 29 -  
 
Other FOR ~ NEXT statements can be used (nested) within the FOR ~ NEXT  
statement. In this case, each <variable> to be set should be different. One FOR ~  
NEXT statement should be completely included in the other FOR ~ NEXT statement.  
Ex.)  
<Proper>  
<Wrong>  
FOR I=1 TO 5  
FOR J=1 TO 5  
FOR I=1 TO 5  
FOR J=1 TO 5  
NEXT J  
NEXT I  
NEXT I  
NEXT J  
If FOR ~ NEXT statements are terminated at the same point, their NEXT statements  
can be described in one statement as shown below.  
Ex.) FOR I=1 TO 10  
FOR J=1 TO 10  
FOR K=10 TO 1 STEP-1  
NEXT K,J,I  
When <variable> is omitted in the NEXT statement, the NEXT statement pairs off  
with the nearest FOR statement. If the NEXT statement is executed before the paired  
FOR statement, a “NEXT Without FOR” error occurs.  
<initial value> and <terminal value> are determined by the first FOR statement.  
Ex.) I=10  
FOR I=I TO I+5  
NEXT  
A loop is performed within the range of “I = 10 to 15”.  
- 30 -  
 
GET  
Function  
Inputs the data in a file into the buffer.  
Format  
Term  
GET [#] <file number> [, <numeric value> ]  
<file number>: The number assigned to the file by the OPEN statement  
<numeric value>: The record number between 1 and 65535, or the number of  
bytes of the data read from the RS-232C communication file  
Explanation  
The GET statement reads the data in the file specified in <file number>, and inputs  
the read data into the corresponding buffer. Note that the operation varies according  
to the specified file.  
When the file specified in <file number> is a disk file, the record is read from the  
random file, and is input into the file buffer (the file buffer should be assigned by the  
FIELD statement). <numeric value> should be the record number in the random file.  
If <numeric value> is omitted, it is automatically set to the next number of the record  
number read by the last GET statement.  
When the file specified in <file number> is the RS-232C communication file,  
<numeric value> indicates the number of bytes of the data to be read from the RS-  
232C communication buffer. If <numeric value> is omitted, it is the record length  
specified by the OPEN statement.  
- 31 -  
 
GOTO  
Function  
Moves the execution to the specified line without any conditions.  
GOTO <line number>  
Format  
Term  
<line number>: The line number to which the execution is moved  
Explanation  
The GOTO statement moves the execution to the specified line. When the specified  
line is a non-executable statement (such as a REM statement or a DATA statement),  
the execution starts from the next executable statement.  
To move the execution to any line according to a calculation result and a numeric  
value, the ON ~ GOTO statement should be used.  
- 32 -  
 
HEX$  
Function  
Converts a decimal number to a hexadecimal number, and then provides the  
character string.  
Format  
HEX$ ( <numeric expression> )  
Explanation  
<numeric expression> is converted to an integer value which is rounded off to a  
whole number before <numeric expression> is used for the HEX$ function.  
The result of the HEX$ function is a hexadecimal number (0 to FF). However, a  
character variable should be used for the assignment since the result is handled as a  
character.  
The range for <numeric expression> is as described below. Any value exceeding the  
range results in an “Overflow” error.  
Decimal number:  
-32768 ~ 0 ~ 65535  
Hexadecimal number: &H8000 ~ 0 ~ &HFFFF  
HEX$ (-n) is equal to HEX$ (65536-n).  
- 33 -  
 
IF ~ THEN ~ ELSE  
Function  
Judges the condition, and changes the flow of the program.  
Format  
IF <expression> THEN  
IF <expression> GOTO  
<statement>  
[ELSE <statement>  
<line number>  
]
]
<line number>  
<line number> [ELSE <statement>  
<line number>  
Term  
<expression>: A theoretical expression, an arithmetic expression, or a variable  
<statement>: BASIC statement list  
<line number>: The line number for the next execution  
Explanation  
The flow of the program is changed according to the evaluation of <expression>.  
When <expression> is true (other than 0), <statement> which follows THEN is  
executed, or the execution is moved to <line number> which follows GOTO.  
A line number or one or more statements can be described after THEN. However,  
only the line number is specified after GOTO.  
When <expression> is false (0), the THEN statement or GOTO statement are  
ignored. And if there is an ELSE statement after them, it is executed.  
The IF ~ THEN ~ ELSE statement can be multiplexed (nested) by writing another IF ~  
THEN ~ ELSE statement in the <statement> which follows THEN and ELSE.  
In this case, if the numbers of THEN statements and ELSE statements are not the  
same, each ELSE statement pairs off with the nearest THEN statement.  
The IF ~ THEN ~ ELSE statement is one block. Therefore, the ELSE cannot be put  
on a separate line. The ELSE statement should be included in one line (max. 255  
characters with the If ~ THEN).  
- 34 -  
 
INKEY$  
Function  
Provides the leading character if any key is pressed on the keyboard, or provides a  
null string if no key is pressed on the keyboard.  
Format  
INKEY$  
Explanation  
The number of characters provided for the INKEY$ variable is 0 (null string) or 1. It is  
determined according to the key entry.  
“0” indicates that key entry is not performed.  
The INKEY$ function does not display the key entry on the screen.  
- 35 -  
 
INPUT  
Function  
Reads a numeric value or a character from the keyboard, and assigns it to a variable.  
INPUT [;] [” <prompt statement> ” ; ] <variable> [, <variable> ] ···  
Format  
Term  
<prompt statement>: A character string which is output on the screen when the  
input is performed  
(It is used to make it easy to understand the numeric value or  
character to be input.)  
<variable>: The numeric or character variable to which the input data is assigned  
Explanation  
When the INPUT statement is executed, the prompt statement is displayed on the  
screen, and the program waits for the input from the keyboard. If a semicolon (;)  
follows <prompt statement>, a question mark (?) is displayed after <prompt  
statement>. If a comma (,) is used instead of the semicolon (;), the question mark (?)  
is not displayed.  
The input from the keyboard is entered by pressing the [ENTER] key, and the  
execution proceeds to the next statement. Until the [ENTER] key is pressed, the  
numeric value or character string which is input and displayed can be modified.  
If only the [ENTER] key is pressed when there is one <variable> in the INPUT  
statement, it is interpreted as a no entry or a null string, and then it is assigned to  
<variable>.  
For the key entries, refer to “KEY ENTRY CODE LIST”.  
- 36 -  
 
INPUT#  
Function  
Reads data from the sequential file, and assigns it to a variable.  
INPUT# <file number>, <variable> [, <variable> ] ···  
Format  
Term  
<file number>: The number assigned to the file by the OPEN statement  
<variable>: The variable name to which data is assigned.  
A numeric variable or character variable  
Explanation  
The data should be read from the sequential file on the disk or the RS-232C  
communication device. The type of <variable> should match the type of data.  
How to fetch the input data is shown below.  
Code ignored the leading  
character of the character string  
Type  
Delimiter  
Comma (,)  
Remark  
Numeric  
Space  
Carriage return (CR)  
Line feed (LF)  
Space  
Carriage return  
Line feed  
Character Same as above  
“Character” Same as above  
Comma (,)  
Carriage return  
Line feed  
Max. 255  
characters a  
variable  
Double quotation  
mark (”)  
When the end of file (EOF) is confirmed when reading the data of numeric type or  
character type, the data item is delimited at that time. The end of file can be  
confirmed by the EOF function. In reading the data of character type, a space  
immediately before a delimiter is ignored.  
- 37 -  
 
INPUT$  
Function  
Reads the character string with the specified length from the keyboard or the file.  
INPUT$ ( <no. of characters> [, [#] <file number> ] )  
Format  
Term  
<no. of characters>:  
The number of characters to be read from the keyboard or file  
(1 to 255.)  
<file number>: The number assigned to the file by the OPEN statement  
Explanation  
The character string with the length specified in <no. of characters> is read from the  
file specified in <file number>.  
If <file number> is omitted, the input from the keyboard is available. However,  
characters input from the keyboard are not displayed on the screen, unlike the INPUT  
statement. When the keyboard entry reaches the specified length, the keyboard entry  
is disabled automatically, and the program proceeds. Therefore, it is unnecessary to  
press the [ENTER] key.  
Since the INPUT$ statement is not limited by the input data, it can be used for  
reading the ASCII code which cannot be input by the INPUT statement and LINE  
INPUT statement.  
- 38 -  
 
INSTR  
Function  
Searches for the specified characters from the character string, and provides the first  
character position of the characters.  
Format  
Term  
INSTR ( [ <numeric expression> , ] <character string 1>, <character string 2> )  
<numeric expression>: Indicates the position in <character string 1> where the  
searching of <character string 2> is started.  
(Unit: bytes, Range: 1 to 255)  
<character string 1>, <character string 2>: A character variable, character  
expression, or character constant  
Explanation  
The INSTR statement searches for <character string 2> from the specified position  
(the <numeric expression>th bytes from the left) in <character string 1>, and then  
provides the first position (byte) of <character string 2>. If <numeric expression> is  
omitted, the searching starts from the first byte in <character string 1>.  
In the following cases, “0” is provided.  
<character string 2> is not found.  
The value for <numeric expression> is larger than the value for <character  
string 1>.  
<character string 1> is a null string.  
When a null string is specified in <character string 2>, “1” is provided.  
When <numeric expression> is specified in <character string 2>, the value is  
provided.  
If <numeric expression> exceeds the range of 1 to 255, an “Illegal function call” error  
occurs.  
- 39 -  
 
INT  
Function  
Format  
Provides the max. integer value not exceeding the specified <numeric expression>.  
INT ( <numeric expression> )  
Explanation  
The max. integer value not exceeding <numeric expression> is provided.  
- 40 -  
 
LEFT$  
Function  
Provides a character string of the length specified on the left side of the character  
string.  
Format  
Term  
LEFT$ ( <character string>, <numeric expression> )  
<character string>: Any character string  
<numeric expression>: The length is specified on the left side of <character string>.  
(Unit: bytes, Range: 0 to 255)  
Explanation  
<numeric expression> is converted to an integer value rounded off to a whole number  
before it is evaluated.  
When the value for <numeric expression> is larger than the number of strings of  
<character string>, all character strings are provided. When the value is 0, a null  
string is provided.  
- 41 -  
 
LEN  
Function  
Format  
Provides the length of the character string (the number of bytes).  
Kanji is counted as 2 bytes.  
LEN ( <character string> )  
Explanation  
The length should be between 0 and 255 bytes. A space and a code which is not  
displayed as the control code are also counted and included in the length.  
- 42 -  
 
LINE INPUT#  
Function  
Format  
Reads one whole line (record) (max. 255 characters) from the sequential file.  
LINE INPUT# <file number>, <character variable>  
Term  
<file number>: The number assigned to the file by the OPEN statement  
<character variable>: A character variable to which one whole line is assigned  
Explanation  
The LINE INPUT# statement reads one whole line (record) from the sequential file.  
The record of the carriage return (CR) is used as a delimiter which delimits the line.  
When the carriage return and line feed is placed in this order, the characters up to  
that are read. The next LINE INPUT# statement reads the line up to the next carriage  
return.  
Both the line feed code and carriage return code are each regarded as one character,  
and are stored as part of the character string.  
The LINE INPUT# statement is useful when there are many lines in the file.  
- 43 -  
 
LOC  
Function  
Provides the current theoretical location in the file.  
LOC ( <file number> )  
Format  
Term  
<file number>: The number assigned to the file by the OPEN statement  
Explanation  
The file specified in <file number> is:  
1. Random file  
The LOC function returns the record number for which the read/write (GET/PUT)  
was performed last in a random file. This function is useful for performing  
read/write in the order of the record number; it is possible to obtain the record  
number accessed last.  
2. Sequential file  
The LOC function returns the position of the current file pointer in bytes.  
3. RS-232C communication file  
The LOC function returns the number of characters (bytes) which are accepted by  
the interrupt from the RS-232C and stored in the input buffer. If read (INPUT# or  
INPUT$) is not performed, the buffer becomes full and an error occurs.  
LOC  
Data  
LOF  
Communication input buffer  
- 44 -  
 
LOCATE  
Function  
Specifies the position of the cursor on the screen and determines the display of the  
cursor.  
Format  
Term  
LOCATE [ <line> ] [, [ <column> ] [, < <switch> ] ] ]  
<line>: The vertical position on the screen (1 to 2)  
<column>: The horizontal position on the screen (1 to 16)  
<switch>: Determines whether or not the cursor is displayed when the program is  
executed.  
0: Not displayed  
1: Displayed  
Explanation  
The cursor is moved to the position specified in <line> and <column>. The output of  
characters by the PRINT statement is performed from the position of the cursor.  
The display of the cursor can be selected in <switch>. The cursor is not usually  
displayed in the program execution state, except when waiting for input from the  
INPUT statement. When 1 is set in <switch>, the cursor is also displayed during  
execution of the program.  
- 45 -  
 
LOF  
Function  
Format  
Term  
Provides the size of the file.  
LOF ( <file number> )  
<file number>: The number assigned to the file by the OPEN statement  
Explanation  
The file specified in <file number> is:  
1. Disk file  
The file size is provided in units of bytes.  
2. RS-232C communication file  
The remaining number of bytes of the input buffer is returned. It is the result of  
the LOC function value subtracted from the input buffer size  
- 46 -  
 
LSET/RSET  
Function  
Transfers data to the buffer for a random file. (In preparation for the PUT statement)  
Format  
LSET <character variable> = <character expression>  
RSET <character variable> = <character expression>  
Term  
<character variable>: The character variable used for the assignment in the FIELD  
statement.  
<character expression>: The character string to be transferred  
Explanation  
When the character string to be transferred is shorter than the number of characters  
assigned in the FIELD statement, the character string to be transferred is left-justified  
and right-justified in the LSET statement and RSET statement, respectively. For the  
FIELD statement, it is right-justified. Blanks are filled with spaces in all of these  
statements.  
When the character string to be transferred is longer than the number of characters  
assigned in the FIELD statement, it is left-justified in both LSET statement and the  
RSET statement. Note that excess characters are lost from the right side of the  
character string at this time.  
The LSET statement and the RSET statement can also be used for a variable other  
than the variable assigned in the FIELD statement. In this case, the required number  
of characters should be previously assigned to a variable as dummies.  
Ex.)  
110 A$=SPACE$(20)  
120 RSET A$=N$  
The above indicates that the character string N$ is right-justified in the variable area  
consisting of 20 characters.  
These statements are useful for arranging the print format.  
Numeric data cannot be used for the LSET statement and RSET statement if it is not  
converted into character data. To convert numeric data into character data, the MKI$  
and MKS$ functions should be used.  
- 47 -  
 
MID$  
Function  
Provides the specified character in a given character string.  
MID$ ( <character string>, <numeric expression 1> [, <numeric expression 2> ] )  
<character string>: Any character string  
Format  
Term  
<numeric expression 1 >: The position in <character string>  
(Unit: bytes, Range: 1 to 255)  
<numeric expression 2>: The length to be specified in <character string>  
(Unit: bytes, Range: 0 to 255)  
Explanation  
The MID$ function provides the character string from the character of the  
<numeric expression 1>th byte from the left in <character string> to the character of  
the <numeric expression 2>th byte. <numeric expression 1> and <numeric  
expression 2> should be integer values which are rounded off to whole numbers  
before they are evaluated.  
In the following cases, all character strings at the right side of the <numeric  
expression 1>th byte are provided.  
<numeric expression 2> is omitted.  
The number of characters from the <numeric expression 1>th byte to the end  
of the character string is smaller than <numeric expression 2>  
In the following cases, a null string is provided.  
There is no character for the <numeric expression 1>th byte.  
(<numeric expression 1> is longer than the character string length.)  
<numeric expression 2> is 0.  
- 48 -  
 
MKI$/MKS$  
Function  
Converts a numeric value to the numeric data of the character string type.  
Format  
MKI$ ( <integer value> )  
MKS$ ( <single-precision real value> )  
Explanation  
When a random file is created by using the LSET and RSET statements, all values to  
be written in the buffer should be assigned as the numeric data of the character string  
type. MKI$ converts an integer value to a 2-byte character string. MKS$ converts a  
single-precision real value to a 4-byte character string.  
- 49 -  
 
ON COM  
Function  
Declares an interrupt which occurs when the data is input into the communication  
buffer, and declares the start line number for the subroutine to be executed.  
Format  
Term  
ON COM ( <line number> ) GOSUB <line number>  
<line number>: The line number to which an interrupt is processed (1 or 2)  
<line number>: The line number from which the subroutine for the interrupt process  
is started should be specified.  
Explanation  
The ON COM statement declares the interrupt process for receiving data only, and  
does not execute the process.  
When the ON COM statement is executed, BASIC checks whether or not data is  
received in the specified line while executing the program. When data reception is  
confirmed in the specified line, the interrupt process routine is executed if an interrupt  
is enabled by the COM (n) ON statement. When “0” is specified in <line number>,  
the interrupt process is disabled. To prevent another interrupt process from being  
received during the execution of the first interrupt process, the COM (n) STOP  
statement is automatically executed if the interrupt process is being executed. When  
the RETURN statement for terminating the subroutine is sent, the program is returned  
to the previous state.  
An interrupt occurs only when the program is executed.  
- 50 -  
 
ON ERROR  
Function  
Declares that the interrupt for the error process is enabled, and declares the line  
number of the subroutine to be executed when an error occurs.  
Format  
Term  
ON ERROR GOTO <line number>  
<line number>: The first line number of the subroutine for the error process  
Explanation  
When an error interrupt is enabled by this statement, the subroutine specified in <line  
number> is executed for all errors including the command level state (in the direct  
mode). If <line number> is not specified, an “Undefined line number” error occurs.  
To disable an error interrupt, “ON ERROR GOTO 0” should be executed.  
To resume executing the program after the error message is displayed, the RESUME  
statement should be used.  
- 51 -  
 
ON GOTO/GOSUB  
Function  
Branches the execution to the specified line number according to a value for  
<expression>.  
Format  
Term  
ON <expression> GOTO <line number> [, <line number> ] ···  
ON <expression> GOSUB <line number> [, <line number> ] ···  
<expression>: An expression to specify <line number> which is placed after  
GOTO/GOSUB.  
It should be 255 or less.  
(If a value is not an integer, a decimal is rounded off to the nearest  
integer).  
<line number>: Line number to which the execution is branched by GOTO/GOSUB.  
Explanation  
The line number to which the execution is branched is determined according to the  
value of <expression>. See an example below.  
ON DATA1 GOTO 10, 20, 30, 40  
In the above statement, if a value for <DATA1> is 1, 2, and 3, the execution is  
branched to line number 10, 20, and 30, respectively.  
In the ON ~ GOSUB statement, the program which starts in each line number must  
be the sub program which the RETURN statement is placed at the end of the  
program. When the value for <expression> is 0, or is larger than the number of <line  
number>s, ON ~ statement is ignored, and the execution is moved to the next  
statement (GOSUB statement).  
- 52 -  
 
ON TIMER  
Function  
Declares an interrupt which occurs at specified intervals, and the line number from  
which the execution of the subroutine is started by the interrupt.  
Format  
Term  
ON TIMER ( <n> ) GOSUB <line number>  
<n>: The time interval at which an interrupt occurs should be specified in units of  
100 ms. (Range: 1 to 32767)  
<line number>: The line number from which the subroutine for the interrupt process  
is started should be specified.  
Explanation  
The ON TIMER statement only declares the interrupt process; it does not execute the  
process.  
When the ON TIMER statement is executed, it counts down the specified time by  
using the system timer. When it reaches the specified time, the interrupt process  
routine is executed if an interrupt is enabled by the TIMER ON statement. When “0”  
is specified in <line number>, the interrupt process is disabled. To prevent another  
interrupt process from being received during the execution of the first interrupt  
process, the TIMER STOP statement is automatically executed if the interrupt  
process is being executed. If there is no TIMER STOP statement during the  
execution of this process, the TIMER ON statement is automatically executed by the  
RETURN statement for terminating the subroutine, and an interrupt is received.  
An interrupt occurs only when the program is executed.  
- 53 -  
 
OPEN  
Function  
Opens a file.  
Format  
Term  
OPEN <file designation> [FOR <file mode> ] AS [#] <file number> [LEN= <record  
length> ]  
<file designation>: The file name to be opened should be specified.  
<file mode>: The type of file should be specified.  
OUTPUT  
INPUT  
Sequential access / New output mode  
Sequential access / Input mode  
APPEND  
RANDOM  
Omitted  
Sequential access / Append mode  
Random access / Input/output mode  
Random access / Input/output mode  
<file number>: An integer between 1 and 9  
<record length>: The record length in the random access mode should be specified  
in bytes. (Range: 1 to 32767, or 128 if the designation is omitted)  
When the file specified in <file number> is a disk file, the record  
length is the number of bytes for the record specified in the FIELD  
statement.  
- 54 -  
 
OPEN COM  
Function  
Opens the RS-232C communication file.  
Format  
OPEN ”COM <line number> : [ <communication baud rate> ] [, [ <parity> ]  
[, [ <data length> ] [, [ <stop bit> ] ] ] ” AS [#] <file number>  
Term  
<line number>: The RS-232 C interface number  
(COM 1:, COM2:)  
<communication baud rate>: The baud rate for the line  
COM 1: (9600, 19200, 38400)  
COM 2: (4800, 9600, 19200)  
<parity>:  
<data length>: The bit length of one character is specified. (7, 8)  
<stop bit>: The number of stop bits to be added (1, 2)  
The parity type is specified. (O (Odd), E, (Even), N (Non))  
<file number>: An integer between 1 and 9  
When COM 1 is connected to the B-452 printer, 38400, E, 8, 1 should be set in  
<communication baud rate>, <parity>, <data length>, <stop bit>, and <file number>,  
respectively.  
- 55 -  
 
PRINT  
Function  
Displays the character string and contents of the variable on the screen.  
PRINT [USING <format control character string> ] [ <expression list> ] [;]  
<format control character string>: A character string to specify the format  
Format  
Term  
<expression list>: Numeric expressions, character expressions and character  
strings are delimited by a semicolon (;), listed.  
(The character string should be enclosed with double quotation  
marks (”).)  
Explanation  
The character strings of the specified expression are displayed on the screen.  
The displayed position varies according to how the elements of <expression list> are  
delimited. One line is delimited every 16 characters from the left in BASIC. When a  
semicolon (;) is used, the character string is displayed following the preceding display,  
regardless of areas. Also, when one or more spaces are inserted between  
<expression list>s, the same result as when a semicolon (;) is used is obtained.  
The control of the cursor position should be performed by the LOCATE statement.  
Format control for a numeric value can be performed by using a format control  
character string.  
# : Specifies the number of digits for the value to be output. One “#” represents  
one digit. When the number of digits for the numeric value is smaller than the  
specified number of digits, the data to be output is aligned to the right.  
. : Specifies the position of the decimal point.  
+ : When it is placed at the beginning of <format control character string>, a sign  
for a numeric is output first.  
- 56 -  
 
PRINT#  
Function  
Outputs data (numeric value or character string) to the sequential file.  
Format  
Term  
PRINT# <file number>, [USING <format control character string> ; ],  
<expression list>  
<file number>: The number assigned to the file by the OPEN statement.  
<expression list>: Numeric expressions and characters are delimited by a comma  
(,) or semicolon (;), and listed.  
<format control character string>: A character string formatted for outputting data to  
the file is specified in detail  
Explanation  
The PRINT# statement is similar to the PRINT statement, however, the data is not  
displayed on the screen, and the character string is output to a file. The format  
designation by the USING statement is also similar. For details, refer to the PRINT  
USING statement.  
The PRINT# statement does not compress data in the file. The data is written to the  
file with the same format as displayed on the screen by the PRINT statement.  
When <expression> is a numeric value, is should be delimited by a semicolon (;). If  
a comma (,) is used, every 14-byte data is output like the PRINT statement, resulting  
in more file areas being unnecessarily used.  
PRINT #1, 12;-34.5;”ABC”;”DEFG”  
In the above case, the data written to the file is shown below.  
12 -34.5 ABCDEFG CR LF  
(
: space)  
When <expression> is the character string, it should be delimited by a comma (,). If  
a semicolon (;) is used, character strings are connected to each other, and they are  
output as one character string to the file.  
Ex.) A$=”CAMERA”, B$=”93604-1”  
PRINT #1,A$;B$  
If the statement is described as above, A$ is connected to B$, and “CAMERA93604-  
1” is output as one string to the files.  
To prevent the above, a comma (,) should be inserted as a delimiter between  
character strings as below.  
PRINT #1,A$;”,”;B$  
If the statement is described as above, data can be read properly by the INPUT#  
statement, and the data is written to the file properly as below.  
CAMERA, 93604-1  
- 57 -  
 
When a comma (,), semicolon (;), or space is placed at the beginning of the string,  
carriage return and line feed are included in the character string, and the output can  
be performed by the PRINT statement. However, when the data is read by the  
INPUT# statement later, commas, semicolons, carriage returns and line feeds are  
regarded as delimiters, and a space placed at the beginning of the string is ignored.  
To prevent the above, double quotation mark (”) (CHR$ (34)) should be added before  
and after each character string.  
Ex.) A$=”CAMERA, AUTOMATIC”, B$=”93604-1”  
PRINT #1,A$;B$  
If the statement is described as above, the data is written to the file as follows.  
CAMERA, AUTOMATIC 93604-1  
And “CAMERA” and “AUTOMATIC 93604-1” are assigned to A$ and B$, respectively  
by the following statement.  
INPUT #1,A$;B$  
To prevent this problem, the WRITE# statement should be used, instead of the  
PRINT# statement. The example is shown below.  
WRITE #1,A$,B$,12,-34.5  
When the above statement is executed, the data is written to the file as shown below.  
“CAMERA, AUTOMATIC”, “93604-1”, 12, -34.5  
The PRINT# statement can control the file format with the USING option.  
For example:  
PRINT #1,USING ”####.##”;12.3;456;9876.5  
When the above statement is executed, the following data is written to the file, and  
the comma (,) placed at the end of the format is used for delimiting the data.  
12.30, 456.00, 9876.50,  
- 58 -  
 
PUT  
Function  
Format  
Term  
Outputs the data to the file.  
PUT [#] <file number> [, <numeric value> ]  
<file number>: The number assigned to the file by the OPEN statement.  
<numeric value>: A record number between 1 and 4294967295, or the number of  
bytes of the data read from the RS-232C communication file.  
Explanation  
The PUT statement writes the data to the file specified in <file number>. The  
operation varies according to the specified file.  
When the file specified in <file number> is a disk file, the record of the file buffer is  
written to a random file. (The file buffer should be allocated by the FIELD statement.)  
<numeric value> is the record number in the random file.  
When <numeric value> is omitted, the record number becomes the next number read  
by the last PUT statement.  
To transfer data to the file buffer, the LSET statement and the RSET statement  
should be used.  
When the file specified in <file number> is an RS-232C communication file, <numeric  
value> indicates the number of bytes of data to be written to the RS-232C  
communication buffer.  
The number of bytes should be smaller than the record length defined by the OPEN  
statement.  
- 59 -  
 
READ  
Function  
Reads a value defined by a DATA statement and assigns it to a variable.  
READ <constant> [, <constant> ] ···  
Format  
Term  
<variable>: The variable to which the value for the DATA statement is assigned  
(Numeric or character variables)  
Explanation  
The READ statement should always be used with the DATA statement. The READ  
statement reads the data of the DATA statement starting from the beginning, and  
assigns one data to one variable.  
Both numeric and character variables are available for the variable in the READ  
statement. However, if the variable type in the READ statement does not match the  
data type in the DATA statement, a “Syntax error” occurs. When the value for the  
DATA statement is numeric, both numeric variables and character variables are  
allowed.  
One READ statement can read the values for more than one DATA statement, and  
more than one READ statement can also be used to read the value for one DATA  
statement. If the number of <variable>s exceeds the number of data of the DATA  
statement, an “Out of data” error occurs. When the number of <variable>s is less  
than the number of data of the DATA statement, the next READ statement assigns  
the data to the variable in the order starting from the first data in the data which has  
not yet been read. If there are not more READ statements, the remaining data is  
ignored.  
- 60 -  
 
REM/APOSTROPHE (’)  
Function  
Format  
Enters a comment into the program.  
REM [ <comment> ]  
Term  
<comment>: Any character string  
Explanation  
The REM statement is ignored when the program is executed. The REM statement is  
used for entering a comment into the program to make the program easy to  
understand.  
The REM statement occupies memory and affects the execution speed a little. (It  
takes a little time to read the comment.)  
The REM statement is useful for places that are jumped to when using the GOTO  
statement and the GOSUB statement. However, the execution starts from the  
statement following the REM statement.  
The REM statement can be used after a colon (:) inserted at the end of the program.  
However, other statements cannot follow the REM statement, even if a colon (:) is put  
after it. Everything after a REM statement is regarded as a comment.  
An apostrophe (’) can be used instead of “REM” or “: REM”. The apostrophe (’) can  
also be used for entering a comment after a statement. After the DATA statement  
the DATA statement cannot be used again. The apostrophe (’) in the DATA  
statement is regarded as data, therefore, “: REM” should be used for writing  
comments.  
- 61 -  
 
RESUME  
Function  
Terminates an error process, and resumes execution of the program.  
Format  
RESUME  
[0]  
NEXT  
<line number>  
Term  
<line number>: The line number from which the execution of the program is  
resumed should be specified.  
Explanation  
The subroutine defined by the ON ERROR statement processes an error which  
occurs while the program is being executed. The RESUME statement is used as the  
termination declaration of the subroutine.  
Three options can be selected from for the RESUME statement, where the execution  
is returned when the process is terminated.  
1) RESUME or RESUME0  
The execution resumes from the statement in which the error occurred.  
2) RESUME NEXT  
The execution resumes from the statement following the statement in which the  
error occurred.  
3) RESUME <line number>  
The execution resumes from the line number specified in <line number>.  
If the RESUME statement is used in other than the error process subroutine,  
“RESUME without error” is displayed. The RETURN statement cannot be used  
instead of the RESUME statement.  
- 62 -  
 
RETURN  
Function  
Declares the end of a subroutine, and returns the execution to the location where the  
subroutine was called up.  
Format  
RETURN  
Explanation  
The RETURN statement should be placed at the end of the subroutine called by the  
GOSUB statement. When the RETURN statement is executed, the execution  
proceeds from the statement following the GOSUB statement which called the  
subroutine.  
- 63 -  
 
RIGHT$  
Function  
Provides a character string of the length specified on the right side of the character  
string.  
Format  
Term  
RIGHT$ ( <character string>, <numeric expression> )  
<file number>: Any character string  
<numeric expression>: The length is specified on the right side of <character  
string>. (Unit: bytes, Range: 0 to 255)  
Explanation  
<numeric expression> is converted to an integer value rounded off to a whole number  
before it is evaluated.  
When the value is 0, a null string is provided. When the value for <numeric  
expression> is larger than the length of <character string>, the whole character string  
is provided.  
- 64 -  
 
SGN  
Function  
Provides a sign for <numeric expression>  
Format  
SGN ( <numeric expression> )  
Explanation  
If <numeric expression> is positive, 0, and negative, 1, 0, -1 is provided, respectively.  
- 65 -  
 
SPACE$  
Function  
Provides character strings of spaces in the specified length  
SPACE$ ( <numeric expression> )  
Format  
Term  
<numeric expression>: Indicates the number of spaces  
Explanation  
Character strings of spaces for the number specified in <numeric expression> are  
provided.  
A value in <numeric expression> is an integer in which a decimal is rounded off to the  
nearest integer.  
- 66 -  
 
STR$  
Function  
Provides the character string indicating <numeric expression>.  
STR$ ( <numeric expression> )  
Format  
Explanation  
The value for <numeric expression> is converted to a character string.  
For example, the numeric value, 123, is converted to the character string “123”.  
Both integer and real types are available for the value for <numeric expression>.  
The STR$ function is the opposite of to the VAL function.  
- 67 -  
 
TIMER  
Function  
Returns the elapse time after the system is reset in a single-precision floating point  
format. (In units of 100 ms)  
Format  
X = TIMER  
Explanation  
A fraction is rounded off to the nearest value.  
- 68 -  
 
TIMER ON/STOP  
Function  
Enables/Stops a timer interrupt.  
Format  
TIMER ON  
TIMER STOP  
Explanation  
The interrupt specified by the ON TIMER statement is enabled by the TIMER ON  
statement, or stopped by the TIMER STOP statement.  
Before TIMER ON/STOP statements are executed, the interrupt process declaration  
should be made by the ON TIMER statement.  
The TIMER ON statement enables the timer interrupt. When a timer interrupt occurs  
after the statement is executed, the process routine specified by the ON TIMER  
statement is executed.  
The TIMER STOP statement does not execute the interrupt process immediately  
when a timer interrupt occurs. However, up to one interrupt is stored. The interrupt  
process is executed just when the TIMER ON statement is executed later.  
- 69 -  
 
VAL  
Function  
Format  
Converts a character string to a numeric value.  
VAL ( <character string> )  
Explanation  
The opposite of the STR$ function, the VAL function converts a character string  
indicating the numeric value for a 1-byte or 2-byte character (ex. “456”) to a numeric  
value (ex. 456).  
Spaces, tabs and line feeds placed at the beginning of the character string are  
ignored.  
VAL (“ -6”) is converted to the numeric value, -6.  
When the character string is not a 1-byte character or 2-byte character, as in the case  
of a number, Kanji code, hexadecimal number or octal number, the VAL function  
provides “0”.  
- 70 -  
 
WHILE ~ WEND  
Function  
Repeats the statements included between the WHILE statement and the WEND  
statement for as long as the given conditions are satisfied.  
Format  
WHILE <expression>  
WEND  
Term  
<expression>: The execution is repeated for as long as the <expression> (a numeric  
value or character) is satisfied.  
Explanation  
When <expression> is true (other than 0), the steps from WHILE statement to the  
WEND statement are executed. After the WEND statement is executed, the  
execution returns to the WHILE statement, and then <expression> is evaluated again.  
While <expression> is true, the above is repeated. When <expression> is false (0),  
the execution skips to the statement after the WEND statement.  
If <expression> is false when it is first evaluated, between the WHILE statement and  
the WEND statement is not executed and the program moves on to the step following  
the WEND statement.  
If the WHILE statement and the WEND statement are not paired, a “WHILE Without  
WEND” error or “WEND without WHILE” error occurs.  
- 71 -  
 
WRITE#  
Function  
Outputs data to a sequential file.  
Format  
Term  
WRITE# <file number>, <expression list>  
<file number>: The number assigned to the file by the OPEN statement.  
<expression list>: Numeric expressions and character expressions are delimited by a  
comma (,), semicolon (;), and listed.  
<format control character string>: The character string for which the format for  
outputting data to a file is specified in detail  
Explanation  
The WRITE# statement functions similar to the PRINT# statement. However, the  
WRITE# statement is different from the PRINT# statement in the following ways.  
A comma is inserted between expressions to be output  
When the expression is a character string, it is enclosed with double quotation  
marks (”).  
The WRITE# statement does not output the unnecessary spaces. Therefore, area  
can be saved because the used area in the file is smaller than that of PRINT#  
statement.  
The WRITE# statement does not insert a space for a sign if the value is positive.  
The carriage return (CR) and line feed (LF) are output after <expression list> is  
output.  
- 72 -  
 
KEY ENTRY CODE LIST  
Keyboard Entry Code  
Keyboard Entry Code  
Key Name  
(Pressed only the key)  
30H  
31H  
32H  
33H  
34H  
35H  
36H  
37H  
38H  
39H  
2EH  
0DH  
60H  
61H  
62H  
63H  
64H  
65H  
66H  
67H  
68H  
69H  
6AH  
6BH  
70H  
71H  
72H  
-
(Pressed together with the SHIFT key)  
0
B0H  
B1H  
B2H  
B3H  
B4H  
B5H  
B6H  
B7H  
B8H  
B9H  
AEH  
8DH  
E0H  
E1H  
E2H  
E3H  
E4H  
E5H  
E6H  
E7H  
E8H  
E9H  
EAH  
EBH  
F0H  
F1H  
F2H  
-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
.
ENTER/PRINT  
®
¬
¯
C
FEED  
PAUSE  
RESTART  
FORMAT  
MODE  
QUANTITY  
AMEND  
F1  
F2  
F3  
SHIFT  
- 73 -  
 
RESTORE  
Function  
Returns the starting position where the DATA statement is read by the READ  
statement to the beginning of the program.  
Format  
RESTORE  
Explanation  
When the READ statement is placed after the RESTORE statement, the READ  
statement starts finding the DATA statement from the beginning of the program, and  
starts reading the first DATA statement.  
- 74 -  
 
SENDCMD  
Function  
Sends a command packet of character strings to the printer, and makes a response to  
an ACK or a NAK from the printer.  
Format  
Term  
SENDCMD <expression list>  
<expression list>: List of character expressions or character strings  
(A character string should be enclosed in quotation marks (”).)  
Explanation  
This statement adds “STX” to the beginning of character strings, adds the command  
length, adds BCC data to the end of character strings, and then sends a command  
packet through COM1 (fixed). After a command packet is sent, this statement waits  
for an ACK from the printer. If it receives a NAK, the statement sends the command  
packet again. The max. length of command character string is 252 bytes.  
Ex. 1  
SENDCMD”{WU|}”  
Ex. 2  
A$=”{WU|}”  
Ex. 3  
CNT$=”0010”  
SENDCMD”{XS;I,”+CNT$+”,0002C4101|}”  
- 75 -  
 
ERROR CODE TABLE  
Code  
Meaning  
1
There is no FOR statement for the NEXT statement, or the number of NEXT statements  
does not match with (is more than) the number of FOR statements.  
The program is not in accordance with the grammar. Statements which are not defined  
are included in the program.  
2
3
4
The GOSUB statement and RETURN statement do not match each other properly.  
Data to be read by the READ statement is not included in the DATA statement, or the  
amount of data is small.  
5
6
7
8
The process to call a function is wrong in a statement or a function.  
The input value or the calculation result exceeded the allowable range.  
The memory capacity is short since the program is too long, or the array is too large.  
The specified line number was not found.  
The line number is over the range specified.  
9
The specified number of subscripts for the array variable exceeds the allowable max.  
number.  
10  
11  
13  
Attempted to define an array or user variable twice.  
0 is specified for the divisor in division.  
The data format such as the left and right part of an expression, and an argument for a  
function, does not match.  
20  
22  
30  
52  
53  
54  
55  
57  
61  
RESUME was used in a place other than the error routine.  
The parameter required in the statement is not specified.  
The number of WEND statements is more than the number of WHILE statements.  
A file number which is not opened or cannot be opened, was specified.  
Attempted to read a non-existent file.  
Access was attempted in the unavailable mode.  
Attempted to open an already-opened file.  
Writing was performed in the write disable area.  
There is no free space in the flash memory, however, creation or expansion of the file  
was attempted.  
62  
After all data in the file has been read, the INPUT statement for the file was executed.  
- 76 -  
 

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